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Gogaku

All N4 grammar

N4

〜し

…and…, what's more — listing reasonsmachine translation

FormationPlain form + し (nouns and な-adjectives + だし)

し joins plain-form clauses to LIST reasons or qualities, with the implication "and more besides, not just this": 安いし、おいしいし、よく来ます (it's cheap, and it's tasty, so I come often). Nouns and な-adjectives add だ: 雨だし、寒いし.

Compared with the て-form linking you learned at N5 (安くておいしい), し emphasizes that each clause is A REASON. Often the concluding clause is left unsaid, and the listener fills it in: 今日は雨だし… (it's raining today, on top of everything, so…).

A single し is enough when you give one representative reason and imply there are others: 時間もないし、今日はやめましょう. The particle も often accompanies the し clauses to heighten the feeling of reasons piling up.

Examples

Related patterns

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